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This study is centered on the modalities of participation or "strategies" of executives in two Canadian provincial sport federations. Crozier and Friedberg's (1977) strategic analysis perspective and restricted phenomenological method were utilized. Objective as well as subjective data were collected and strategies were elaborated from (a) an analysis of official data concerning the sport organizations, and (b) a content analysis of 60 interviews with executives of these organizations. Four ideal-types of strategy were identified: the strategies of technocracy, counteroffensive, political withdrawal, and all-directional defense. These strategies were found to correspond to the executives' organizational level and role, namely: provincial appointed administrator and volunteer executive at the provincial, regional, or local level.

In this article, we analyze the transnational urban geographies produced by international sport federations (ISFs) through their global, regional, and national headquarter locations. Data on the global urban presence of 35 major ISFs are examined through connectivity analysis and principal component analysis. The connectivity analysis reveals the relative dominance of cities in Europe and Pacific Asia, whereby Seoul, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Cairo, and Lausanne stand out. The principal component analysis reveals the main subnetworks produced through ISF location decisions, which includes inter alia a "winter sports subnetwork" centered on Ankara, Belgrade, Helsinki, and Stockholm; an "Olympic subnetwork" centered on Lausanne; and a decentered subnetwork with truly "global sports."

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공, 2020. 8. 권순용. ; 본 연구는 "파키스탄의 다양한 스포츠 연맹의 좋은 거버넌스를 위한 운동 선수들의 의사결정에의 관여"에 관한 것이다. 이 연구는 본질적으로 질적 연구다. 이 연구에는 파키스탄의 다양한 연맹의 선수 16명이 참여했다. 참여자들은 세미 구조 면접 연구 면접의 도움을 받아 면접을 보았고, 이들의 토론은 질적 형태로 분석됐다. 이 연구는 파키스탄의 여러 스포츠 연맹에서 의사결정 과정에서 운동선수들의 역할이 무엇이며, 의사결정 과정의 개입에 대한 선수들에 대한 인식과 운동선수들의 시각에서 의사결정 과정에 대한 참여 제안이 무엇인지를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 했다. 이 연구는 현재, 운동선수들이 의사결정 과정에 큰 역할을 하지 않고 있지만, 선수들은 여러 가지 이유로 참여하는데 관심이 있다는 것을 발견했다. 예를 들어, 점차 부패를 줄이고, 연맹의 성과를 향상시키고, 연맹을 책임감 있게 만들고, 그라운드와 매니지먼트에서 최고의 인재를 배출하기 위해 노력한다는 것을 발견했다. 주요 단어: 스포츠의 좋은 거버넌스 원칙, 좋은 거버넌스, 의사 결정, 선수 참여 ; This study is focusing on "Athletes' involvement in decision making for good governance in the various sports Federation of Pakistan". This study was qualitative in nature. The study included 16 participants who were the athletes from different federations of Pakistan. The participants were interviewed with semi-structured guides, and their discussions were analyzed in qualitative form. The study aimed to analyze that what are the roles of athletes in the decision-making process in different sports federations of Pakistan and the perceptions of athletes in the involvement of decision-making process and the suggestions of involvement in the decision making process from athletes' perspective. The study discovered that, athletes have no significant role in decision making process but the athletes are interested in participation for multiple reasons to gradually tapper down the corruption, to enhance the performance of the federation, to make the federation accountable and to execute the best talent at ground and at management. Keywords: Principles of Good Governance in Sport, Good Governance, Decision making, Athletes' involvement ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background. 1 1.2. Problem Statement 4 1.3. Purpose of the study and Research Objectives 6 1.4 Research Questions 6 1.5Significance of the present study 7 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1. Governance 9 2.1.1. Good Governance in Sports 13 2.1.2 Objective of Good Governance in Sport 14 2.1.3 Code of Ethics in Good Governance in Sports 14 2.1.4. Development of a Code of Ethics 15 2.1.5. Basic Rules on the Content and Enforcement of the Code 15 2.1.6. Significance of Good Governance in Sport 15 2.1.7. Basic Universal Principles of Good Governance 18 2.2. Role, Function and Objectives 18 2.2.1. Consensual Strategy 18 2.2.2. Monitoring and Oversight 19 2.3. Goals and Principles 19 2.3.1. Vision and Strategic Plan 19 2.3.2. Structure of the Organization 20 2.3.3. The Right Choice of the Citizenry 20 2.3.4. Communication 20 2.3.5. High Standards 21 2.3.6. Terms and Conditions 21 2.3.7. The Technical Aspect of Decision Making 22 2.3.8. The Tactical Aspect of Decision Making in Sport 23 2.3.9. Athletes' Decision-Making Style 24 2.3.10. Role of Athletes in Decision Making 27 2.4. Sports in Pakistan 30 2.4.1. The National Sports Policy 33 Chapter 3. Research Method 37 3.1. Research Method and Research Procedure 37 3.2. In-Depth Interview 38 3.3. Research Participant 39 3.4. Analysis Technique 42 3.4.1. Process of Thematic Content Analysis in this Study 42 3.4.2. Transcription of Data 43 3.4.3. Generating Initial Codes 43 3.4.4. Searching the Themes 43 3.4.5. Reviewing Themes 44 3.4.6. Defining and Naming Themes 44 3.4.7. Producing the Report 45 3.4.8. Justification for choosing this analysis 45 Chapter 4. Results 47 4.1. Analysis of Objective 1: 47 4.1.1 Research Questions 47 RQ1 Current Role of Athletes 47 RQ2 Expected Role by Athletes 48 4.2. Objective2: 55 4.2.1. Federation Decision Making Structure 55 4.2.2. Responsibility of the Federations 57 4.2.3. The Opinion of Athletes of Current Decision-Making Process 58 4.2.4. Idea of Athletes Involvement in Decision Making 59 4.2.5. Impact of Athletes Involvement 62 4.2.6. Contribution of Athletes' Involvement 63 4.2.7. Need for Athletes' Participation in Decision making 65 4.3. Objective3 67 4.3.1. Suggestions from Athletes' Perspective in the Decision Making Process. 67 4.3.2. Revision of Government Policies 69 4.3.3. Research 71 4.3.4. Follow International Setup 71 Chapter 5. Discussion 73 5.1 Limitations 73 5.2 Conclusion 74 5.2.1. Suggestions 75 References 77 Appendix 84 국문초록 86 ; Master

This thesis explores causes, forms and consequences of professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSF) – a phenomenon that has been observed in the last number of decades as NSFs face new societal challenges. The community with its diverse stakeholders – from members to financial backers to political institutions – expect more from NSFs than their former organizational structures and activities can facilitate. Following organizational adaptations, NSFs are transforming from traditional amateur pastime form of organization toward more businesslike entities. The first aim of the thesis was to propose a framework for analysing professionalization in NSFs by exploring practitioners' perceptions of professionalization and synthetizing those with the analytical concepts used by scholars. Despite attributes that – similar to previous literature – describe businesslike organizations, the practitioners primarily perceived professionalization to be a matter of "professional" attitude that transforms into federation culture. The conceptual framework that we developed may be used for studying various forms of professionalization in NSFs. To study causes for professionalization in Swiss NSFs, a multiple-case study was conducted with seven Swiss NSFs. Causes for professionalization were similar across the NSFs. Prominent triggers were conflicts in the board, ambiguous decision-making competences and initiatives taken by key persons, e.g. CEOs. Our analysis revealed NSF-specific factors, such as popularity and attitudes of individuals toward professionalization, that have an impact on the continuity of professionalization process once it has been initiated. We propose that uncertainty and competing for financial resources have led some NSFs to mimic NSFs, which they deem successful. Reciprocity of NSF-endogenous and external causes for professionalization deserve further consideration in future studies. Intended and unintended consequences of professionalization in Swiss NSFs were explored by means of a case study of a Swiss NSF. The autonomy, that Swiss sport policy allows to the NSFs, makes Swiss NSFs interesting for studying consequences of professionalization. Autonomous federations may have several options to avoid negative consequences of their professionalization strategies. Beside positive and intended consequences of professionalization in terms of, for example, transparency and increased publicity, the case in our study faced new challenges that emerged from the adaptations. Especially, the needs and goals of its member clubs have been disregarded as the NSF has focused on marketing and other professionalization strategies. Also, emphasis on the entertainment impact have exceeded clubs' capacities. This thesis is a first step towards understanding professionalization processes in Swiss NSFs. Apart from the empirical knowledge, the studies contribute to approaches of reciprocal relations between social action and structure, as well as to institutional theories in the field of sport. We encourage similar approaches in other countries for understanding the meaning of autonomy for professionalization that is given to Swiss NSFs.

This thesis explores causes, forms and consequences of professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSF) – a phenomenon that has been observed in the last number of decades as NSFs face new societal challenges. The community with its diverse stakeholders – from members to financial backers to political institutions – expect more from NSFs than their former organizational structures and activities can facilitate. Following organizational adaptations, NSFs are transforming from traditional amateur pastime form of organization toward more businesslike entities. The first aim of the thesis was to propose a framework for analysing professionalization in NSFs by exploring practitioners' perceptions of professionalization and synthetizing those with the analytical concepts used by scholars. Despite attributes that – similar to previous literature – describe businesslike organizations, the practitioners primarily perceived professionalization to be a matter of "professional" attitude that transforms into federation culture. The conceptual framework that we developed may be used for studying various forms of professionalization in NSFs. To study causes for professionalization in Swiss NSFs, a multiple-case study was conducted with seven Swiss NSFs. Causes for professionalization were similar across the NSFs. Prominent triggers were conflicts in the board, ambiguous decision-making competences and initiatives taken by key persons, e.g. CEOs. Our analysis revealed NSF-specific factors, such as popularity and attitudes of individuals toward professionalization, that have an impact on the continuity of professionalization process once it has been initiated. We propose that uncertainty and competing for financial resources have led some NSFs to mimic NSFs, which they deem successful. Reciprocity of NSF-endogenous and external causes for professionalization deserve further consideration in future studies. Intended and unintended consequences of professionalization in Swiss NSFs were explored by means of a case study of a Swiss NSF. The autonomy, that Swiss sport policy allows to the NSFs, makes Swiss NSFs interesting for studying consequences of professionalization. Autonomous federations may have several options to avoid negative consequences of their professionalization strategies. Beside positive and intended consequences of professionalization in terms of, for example, transparency and increased publicity, the case in our study faced new challenges that emerged from the adaptations. Especially, the needs and goals of its member clubs have been disregarded as the NSF has focused on marketing and other professionalization strategies. Also, emphasis on the entertainment impact have exceeded clubs' capacities. This thesis is a first step towards understanding professionalization processes in Swiss NSFs. Apart from the empirical knowledge, the studies contribute to approaches of reciprocal relations between social action and structure, as well as to institutional theories in the field of sport. We encourage similar approaches in other countries for understanding the meaning of autonomy for professionalization that is given to Swiss NSFs.

Aim and design: This study explores causes for professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSFs). We conducted a multiple-case study employing a qualitative approach with interviews and documents from seven NSFs. A three-level framework guided the analysis in distinguishing NSFs endogenous causes, and causes in their external and internal environment.Results: Causes for professionalization were widely similar in the NSFs. Conflicts on the board, un-clear decision-making competences and initiatives of key persons have prominently triggered pro-fessionalization, particularly for differentiation of strategic boards and executive headquarters, spe-cialization and paid staff. The Swiss government, Swiss Olympic Association and sponsors (external environment) have brought about considerable adaptations in NSFs' strategies, accountability issues and commercialization, whereas expectations of NSFs' member organizations (internal environment) have had little impact on their professionalization in general. Rather, the NSFs view them as neces-sities they themselves do not perceive. Our analysis revealed additional NSF-specific factors (e.g., popularity, financial resources, attitude of individuals towards professionalization) that have an im-pact on pace and continuity of the process once it has been initiated.Conclusion: Our analysis is a first step towards understanding the professionalization process in Swiss NSFs. Referring to the similar causes for professionalization, uncertainty and competing for resources may have led some NSFs to mimic those NSFs they deem successful, leading to similar conditions that call for professionalization (e.g., with respect to workload and internal expectations). Respective networks between motivated people in the NSFs and stakeholders could support a de-liberate professionalization. NSFs endogenous and NSF external causes for professionalization seem to be reciprocal. This should be considered more specifically in the analysis of professionalization in NSFs. Single-case studies ...

Aim and design: This study explores causes for professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSFs). We conducted a multiple-case study employing a qualitative approach with interviews and documents from seven NSFs. A three-level framework guided the analysis in distinguishing NSF endogenous causes, and causes in their external and internal environment.Results: Causes for professionalization were widely similar in the NSFs. Conflicts on the board, unclear decision-making competences and initiatives of key persons have prominently triggered professionalization, particularly for differentiation of strategic boards and executive headquarters, specialization and paid staff. The Swiss government, Swiss Olympic Association and sponsors (external environment) have brought about considerable adaptations in NSFs' strategies, accountability issues and commercialization, whereas expectations of NSFs' member organizations (internal environment) have had little impact on their professionalization in general. Rather, the NSFs view them as necessities they themselves do not perceive. Our analysis revealed additional NSF-specific factors (e.g., popularity, financial resources, attitude of individuals towards professionalization) that have an impact on pace and continuity of the process once it has been initiated.Conclusion: Our analysis is a first step towards understanding the professionalization process in Swiss NSFs. Referring to the similar causes for professionalization, uncertainty and competing for resources may have led some NSFs to mimic those NSFs they deem successful, leading to similar conditions that call for professionalization (e.g., with respect to workload and internal expectations). Respective networks between motivated people in the NSFs and stakeholders could support a deliberate professionalization. NSF endogenous and NSF external causes for professionalization seem to be reciprocal. This should be considered more specifically in the analysis of professionalization in NSFs. Single-case studies would be useful to understand the mechanisms and eventual phases more clearly, to identify eventual barriers and avoid unintended consequences to, finally, support NSFs' professionalization in an efficient manner.